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State markets/Kentucky/Pike County

COUNTY MORTGAGE MARKET · FIPS 21195

Pike County, Kentucky

Who lends in Pike County, how much, and to whom — built from HMDA public mortgage disclosure data, U.S. Census ACS housing estimates and FEMA's National Risk Index.

Origination volume · 2025

$90.0M

Origination volumeSum of loan amount over HMDA records with action taken = 1.

Originations · 2025

546

OriginationsCount of HMDA records with action taken = 1 (loan originated) in the activity year.

Denial rate · 2025

36.1%

Denial rateApplications denied (action taken = 3) divided by applications acted upon (actions 1-5).

Lenders active · 2025

105

Lenders activeDistinct LEIs with at least one application acted upon (HMDA action taken 1-5, 7 or 8) in the county and year.

Market structure

How spread out lending is across the 105 lenders that originated in Pike County in 2025. HHI is the Herfindahl-Hirschman index over lender shares.

Concentration (HHI)

2,042

moderately concentrated

Top-5 lender share

65.7%

of originations

Purchase

70.6%

319 loans

Refinance

29.4%

133 loans

Origination trend

Annual mortgage origination volume and loan count in Pike County, 2023–2025. Pick a window, export the graph or its data, or click a year to open every record behind it.

Lenders in Pike County

Sort, filter, add columns, export, or open a row for the lender's card. Each row links to the lender's company page and to its Pike County loan records. The panel states which source answered and exactly which lenders that source covers.

ORIGINATION FLOOR
Hide the long tail of lenders with only a handful of loans here.
FULL RECORD LIST FOR PIKE COUNTY →

TOP TEN LENDERS IN PIKE COUNTY · 10

The ten largest lenders by origination volume — the precomputed county leaderboard, not the whole market.

1–10 OF 10 LENDERS

Loading every lender that acted on an application in this county. The rows below are the precomputed county leaderboard — the ten largest by volume, not the whole market.

218$38.8M$38.8M originated in Pike County, 2025—Share needs a county-wide denominator, which the narrower fallback source does not carry.—
44$7.2M$7.2M originated in Pike County, 2025—Share needs a county-wide denominator, which the narrower fallback source does not carry.—
31$5.1M$5.1M originated in Pike County, 2025—Share needs a county-wide denominator, which the narrower fallback source does not carry.—
21$4.1M$4.1M originated in Pike County, 2025—Share needs a county-wide denominator, which the narrower fallback source does not carry.—
38$3.9M$3.9M originated in Pike County, 2025—Share needs a county-wide denominator, which the narrower fallback source does not carry.—
40$3.5M$3.5M originated in Pike County, 2025—Share needs a county-wide denominator, which the narrower fallback source does not carry.—
11$2.3M$2.3M originated in Pike County, 2025—Share needs a county-wide denominator, which the narrower fallback source does not carry.—
8$1.8M$1.8M originated in Pike County, 2025—Share needs a county-wide denominator, which the narrower fallback source does not carry.—
12$1.6M$1.6M originated in Pike County, 2025—Share needs a county-wide denominator, which the narrower fallback source does not carry.—
11$1.6M$1.6M originated in Pike County, 2025—Share needs a county-wide denominator, which the narrower fallback source does not carry.—

Source: the precomputed county lender leaderboard (lender_county_year) — its ten largest lenders by origination volume, not the county. As of HMDA activity year 2025. Denial rate = denials / decisioned applications (originated + approved-but-not-accepted + denied).

ZIP areas in Pike County

All 39 ZIP Code Tabulation Areas that touch Pike County, built by grouping the county's census tracts through the Census 2020 crosswalk. A ZCTA approximates a USPS ZIP code; HMDA itself reports no postal geography, so each row opens the tracts behind it, where the records are exact.

TRACT FLOOR
Hide the ZIP areas that only clip a corner of this county.
39 OF 39 ZIP AREASEVERY ZIP AREA TOUCHING THE COUNTY — NO ROWS WITHHELD
TOP LENDERRECORDS
99 of the 13 Pike County tracts this ZIP area touches sit mostly inside it.23,8167.3%6,434——TRACTS →HMDA reports no ZIP. This opens the ZIP area's tract list, where each tract's records open exactly.
22 of the 4 Pike County tracts this ZIP area touches sit mostly inside it.5,1425.0%1,619——TRACTS →HMDA reports no ZIP. This opens the ZIP area's tract list, where each tract's records open exactly.
22 of the 4 Pike County tracts this ZIP area touches sit mostly inside it.4,7633.0%1,787——TRACTS →HMDA reports no ZIP. This opens the ZIP area's tract list, where each tract's records open exactly.
11 of the 1 Pike County tract this ZIP area touches sit mostly inside it.3,8582.7%1,597——OPEN →This ZIP area is one census tract here, so its records open directly and exactly.
11 of the 2 Pike County tracts this ZIP area touches sit mostly inside it.3,7435.6%1,091——OPEN →This ZIP area is one census tract here, so its records open directly and exactly.
11 of the 2 Pike County tracts this ZIP area touches sit mostly inside it.3,7264.0%1,339——OPEN →This ZIP area is one census tract here, so its records open directly and exactly.
11 of the 1 Pike County tract this ZIP area touches sit mostly inside it.2,9053.5%1,099——OPEN →This ZIP area is one census tract here, so its records open directly and exactly.
11 of the 1 Pike County tract this ZIP area touches sit mostly inside it.2,8583.0%850——OPEN →This ZIP area is one census tract here, so its records open directly and exactly.
11 of the 3 Pike County tracts this ZIP area touches sit mostly inside it.2,3582.8%709——OPEN →This ZIP area is one census tract here, so its records open directly and exactly.
11 of the 3 Pike County tracts this ZIP area touches sit mostly inside it.2,1933.2%865——OPEN →This ZIP area is one census tract here, so its records open directly and exactly.
11 of the 1 Pike County tract this ZIP area touches sit mostly inside it.1,8292.2%589——OPEN →This ZIP area is one census tract here, so its records open directly and exactly.
11 of the 1 Pike County tract this ZIP area touches sit mostly inside it.1,4784.1%469——OPEN →This ZIP area is one census tract here, so its records open directly and exactly.
0This ZIP area clips 2 tracts of Pike County but is the dominant ZIP for none of them, so it owns no figures here.—————TRACTS →HMDA reports no ZIP. This opens the ZIP area's tract list, where each tract's records open exactly.
0This ZIP area clips 1 tract of Pike County but is the dominant ZIP for none of them, so it owns no figures here.—————TRACTS →HMDA reports no ZIP. This opens the ZIP area's tract list, where each tract's records open exactly.
0This ZIP area clips 2 tracts of Pike County but is the dominant ZIP for none of them, so it owns no figures here.—————TRACTS →HMDA reports no ZIP. This opens the ZIP area's tract list, where each tract's records open exactly.
0This ZIP area clips 1 tract of Pike County but is the dominant ZIP for none of them, so it owns no figures here.—————TRACTS →HMDA reports no ZIP. This opens the ZIP area's tract list, where each tract's records open exactly.
0This ZIP area clips 1 tract of Pike County but is the dominant ZIP for none of them, so it owns no figures here.—————TRACTS →HMDA reports no ZIP. This opens the ZIP area's tract list, where each tract's records open exactly.
0This ZIP area clips 2 tracts of Pike County but is the dominant ZIP for none of them, so it owns no figures here.—————TRACTS →HMDA reports no ZIP. This opens the ZIP area's tract list, where each tract's records open exactly.
0This ZIP area clips 1 tract of Pike County but is the dominant ZIP for none of them, so it owns no figures here.—————TRACTS →HMDA reports no ZIP. This opens the ZIP area's tract list, where each tract's records open exactly.
0This ZIP area clips 3 tracts of Pike County but is the dominant ZIP for none of them, so it owns no figures here.—————TRACTS →HMDA reports no ZIP. This opens the ZIP area's tract list, where each tract's records open exactly.
0This ZIP area clips 1 tract of Pike County but is the dominant ZIP for none of them, so it owns no figures here.—————TRACTS →HMDA reports no ZIP. This opens the ZIP area's tract list, where each tract's records open exactly.
0This ZIP area clips 1 tract of Pike County but is the dominant ZIP for none of them, so it owns no figures here.—————TRACTS →HMDA reports no ZIP. This opens the ZIP area's tract list, where each tract's records open exactly.
0This ZIP area clips 1 tract of Pike County but is the dominant ZIP for none of them, so it owns no figures here.—————TRACTS →HMDA reports no ZIP. This opens the ZIP area's tract list, where each tract's records open exactly.
0This ZIP area clips 2 tracts of Pike County but is the dominant ZIP for none of them, so it owns no figures here.—————TRACTS →HMDA reports no ZIP. This opens the ZIP area's tract list, where each tract's records open exactly.
0This ZIP area clips 1 tract of Pike County but is the dominant ZIP for none of them, so it owns no figures here.—————TRACTS →HMDA reports no ZIP. This opens the ZIP area's tract list, where each tract's records open exactly.
0This ZIP area clips 1 tract of Pike County but is the dominant ZIP for none of them, so it owns no figures here.—————TRACTS →HMDA reports no ZIP. This opens the ZIP area's tract list, where each tract's records open exactly.
0This ZIP area clips 2 tracts of Pike County but is the dominant ZIP for none of them, so it owns no figures here.—————TRACTS →HMDA reports no ZIP. This opens the ZIP area's tract list, where each tract's records open exactly.
0This ZIP area clips 1 tract of Pike County but is the dominant ZIP for none of them, so it owns no figures here.—————TRACTS →HMDA reports no ZIP. This opens the ZIP area's tract list, where each tract's records open exactly.
0This ZIP area clips 2 tracts of Pike County but is the dominant ZIP for none of them, so it owns no figures here.—————TRACTS →HMDA reports no ZIP. This opens the ZIP area's tract list, where each tract's records open exactly.
0This ZIP area clips 3 tracts of Pike County but is the dominant ZIP for none of them, so it owns no figures here.—————TRACTS →HMDA reports no ZIP. This opens the ZIP area's tract list, where each tract's records open exactly.
0This ZIP area clips 1 tract of Pike County but is the dominant ZIP for none of them, so it owns no figures here.—————TRACTS →HMDA reports no ZIP. This opens the ZIP area's tract list, where each tract's records open exactly.
0This ZIP area clips 2 tracts of Pike County but is the dominant ZIP for none of them, so it owns no figures here.—————TRACTS →HMDA reports no ZIP. This opens the ZIP area's tract list, where each tract's records open exactly.
0This ZIP area clips 2 tracts of Pike County but is the dominant ZIP for none of them, so it owns no figures here.—————TRACTS →HMDA reports no ZIP. This opens the ZIP area's tract list, where each tract's records open exactly.
0This ZIP area clips 1 tract of Pike County but is the dominant ZIP for none of them, so it owns no figures here.—————TRACTS →HMDA reports no ZIP. This opens the ZIP area's tract list, where each tract's records open exactly.
0This ZIP area clips 1 tract of Pike County but is the dominant ZIP for none of them, so it owns no figures here.—————TRACTS →HMDA reports no ZIP. This opens the ZIP area's tract list, where each tract's records open exactly.
0This ZIP area clips 1 tract of Pike County but is the dominant ZIP for none of them, so it owns no figures here.—————TRACTS →HMDA reports no ZIP. This opens the ZIP area's tract list, where each tract's records open exactly.
0This ZIP area clips 1 tract of Pike County but is the dominant ZIP for none of them, so it owns no figures here.—————TRACTS →HMDA reports no ZIP. This opens the ZIP area's tract list, where each tract's records open exactly.
0This ZIP area clips 1 tract of Pike County but is the dominant ZIP for none of them, so it owns no figures here.—————TRACTS →HMDA reports no ZIP. This opens the ZIP area's tract list, where each tract's records open exactly.
0This ZIP area clips 1 tract of Pike County but is the dominant ZIP for none of them, so it owns no figures here.—————TRACTS →HMDA reports no ZIP. This opens the ZIP area's tract list, where each tract's records open exactly.

22 of Pike County’s 22 census tracts are grouped into the ZIP areas above, with none left over. The two add up to the county exactly, because each tract is counted once. A ZCTA — ZIP Code Tabulation Area — is the U.S. Census Bureau's area approximation of a USPS ZIP code, not the ZIP code itself. HMDA reports no postal geography at all, so these rows are census tracts grouped by the Census 2020 tract-to-ZCTA relationship file: each tract is counted once, in the single ZCTA covering the most of its land. Housing figures are HMDA tract attributes for activity year 2025, summed over the tracts each ZIP area owns — a ZIP area that owns no tract shows an em-dash, never a zero.

Census tracts in Pike County

All 22 tracts, with the FFIEC income character and HMDA housing attributes of each. Open a tract for its own lender ranking, or open its records directly.

22 OF 22 TRACTSEVERY TRACT IN THE COUNTY — NO ROWS WITHHELD
TOP LENDERRECORDS
Middle82.5%2,8163.4%OPEN →
Upper132.0%2,9918.1%OPEN →
Moderate74.4%3,0806.8%OPEN →
Middle105.9%2,13817.8%OPEN →
—0.0%1,87814.6%OPEN →
Middle91.8%3,0146.3%OPEN →
Upper120.4%2,6146.8%OPEN →
Moderate69.4%3,3503.0%OPEN →
Middle85.9%2,1933.2%OPEN →
Middle89.6%2,8583.0%OPEN →
Middle90.7%1,8292.2%OPEN →
Moderate70.6%1,9503.0%OPEN →
Moderate79.3%1,9353.6%OPEN →
Middle82.0%2,3582.8%OPEN →
Moderate62.3%3,7264.0%OPEN →
Middle97.7%2,4783.4%OPEN →
Upper121.3%2,6646.5%OPEN →
Moderate77.9%3,7435.6%OPEN →
Middle111.6%1,4784.1%OPEN →
Moderate64.7%3,8582.7%OPEN →
Moderate77.8%2,9053.5%OPEN →
Moderate62.3%2,8133.0%OPEN →

Source: FFIEC census-tract file (income level, MSA, urban/rural) and HMDA tract attributes (population, minority share, housing units), latest loaded activity year. The whole county is listed — the table is filtered and paged in the browser over the complete set, never a server-side slice of it.

Housing & households

U.S. Census American Community Survey 2024 estimates — the demand side behind the lending figures above.

Population

56,727

Median household income

$44,312

Median home value

$112,000

Median gross rent

$858

per month

Owner-occupied

75.3%

of occupied units

Housing units

29,044

16.4% vacant

Poverty rate

24.4%

Unemployment

5.2%

Natural-hazard exposure

FEMA National Risk Index ratings for this county — expected annual loss, social vulnerability and community resilience, plus the individual perils rated Relatively High or above.

Overall risk

Relatively Moderate

score 87.9

Social vulnerability

Relatively High

Community resilience

Very Low

ELEVATED PERILS

Inland flooding Relatively High · Landslide Relatively High

Federal disaster history

Months in which a FEMA disaster declaration was active in this county, from the declarations series.

Months with an active declaration

103

Declarations recorded

47

Incident types on record: Biological, Fire, Flood, Hurricane, Severe Storm, Snowstorm, Tornado, Winter Storm.

Everything we hold on Pike County

12 data areas have rows for this county. Each one is one click away below; the 18 we checked and did not find at county grain are named at the end with the reason.

LOAN-LEVEL

The individual HMDA application and origination records behind every figure on this page, pre-filtered to Pike County.

HMDA loan-level (hmda_loan_wide, county_code)

Open the loan explorer for Pike County →Every reported application and origination in FIPS 21195, filterable on rate, amount, income, purpose and action taken. Loan-level tier.

VA

VA-guaranteed lending in Pike County by fiscal year — the veteran channel, which HMDA counts but does not separate from the rest of the government book at this grain.

VA Loan Guaranty geographic loan volume (va_geo_loan_volume, county_fips), folded to fiscal year

VA loans · FY2026

32

—

Purchase share

34.4%

11 loans

IRRRL refinances

14

Cash-out refinances

7

202632—11147
202532—2084
202428—2332
202324—2004
2022——1657
202146—14311
202029—4187
201916—943
201822—1156
201732—1679
201621—849
201524—7710

The most recent fiscal year is partial until VA closes it. This file carries no lender key, so VA volume cannot be attributed to a company.

BUILDING PERMITS

New residential units authorised in Pike County — the supply-side leading indicator that runs ahead of purchase originations.

Census Building Permits Survey county series (census_building_permits, geo_id at geo_level 'county')

HOUSING SUPPLY · CENSUS BUILDING PERMITS

Pike County building permits

New privately-owned housing units authorized by building permits — the supply-side leading indicator that runs ahead of housing starts and the purchase-origination pipeline. Single-family (SF, 1-unit) vs. multifamily (MF, 2+ units), by year.

Single-family · 2025

3

−40.0% vs 2024

Multifamily · 2025

11

—

Total authorized · 2025

14

+180.0% vs 2024

Permit valuation · 2025

$3.2M

authorized construction value

Units authorized by year

Pike County · total permitted units · hover for the single-family split

UNITS · SF IN TOOLTIP
0255075100199019921994199619982000200220042006200820102012201420162018202020222024202514 units

Source: U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey (BPS), imputed totals (the published “units authorized” headline). SF = 1-unit; MF = 2+ units. Public no-login Census data. Attribution.

MIGRATION & WEALTH

IRS county-to-county migration flows for Pike County, showing population movement and wealth transfer.

IRS county-to-county migration flows (irs_county_migration, self_geoid)

outflow2223Foreign - Other flows, FR———
inflow2223Foreign - Other flows, FR———
outflow2223Other flows - Northeast, DS———
outflow2223Other flows - South, DS224404$9.5M
inflow2223Other flows - South, DS196385$10.8M
inflow2223Floyd County, KY131258$6.2M
outflow2223Floyd County, KY116240$4.5M
outflow2223Other flows - Midwest, DS73136$3.9M
inflow2223Other flows - Midwest, DS71127$3.1M
outflow2223Fayette County, KY71116$5.4M
inflow2223Mingo County, WV65148$2.3M
outflow2223Mingo County, WV60125$2.3M
outflow2223Scott County, KY4479$2.2M
inflow2223Letcher County, KY3974$1.8M
inflow2223Fayette County, KY3756$2.2M
inflow2223Other flows - West, DS2553$1.1M
outflow2223Letcher County, KY2559$982K
inflow2223Other flows - Northeast, DS2540$1.1M
inflow2223Johnson County, KY2448$1.3M
outflow2223Other flows - West, DS2241$1.8M
outflow2223Madison County, KY2132$1.1M
outflow2223Johnson County, KY2134$839K
inflow2223Scott County, KY2033$948K
outflow2223Jefferson County, KY2028$934K
outflow2122Other flows - Northeast, DS———
outflow2122Foreign - Other flows, FR———
inflow2122Other flows - Northeast, DS———
outflow2122Other flows - South, DS239426$10.8M
inflow2122Other flows - South, DS174315$9.1M
outflow2122Floyd County, KY108203$4.3M
inflow2122Floyd County, KY98204$4.0M
inflow2122Other flows - Midwest, DS73133$2.7M
outflow2122Fayette County, KY7087$3.0M
inflow2122Mingo County, WV66141$3.3M
outflow2122Other flows - Midwest, DS6497$4.1M
outflow2122Mingo County, WV59117$1.8M
outflow2122Scott County, KY3964$2.1M
inflow2122Fayette County, KY3343$1.3M
outflow2122Other flows - West, DS3351$1.8M
inflow2122Letcher County, KY2759$1.1M
inflow2122Other flows - West, DS2748$1.4M
outflow2122Letcher County, KY2667$901K
outflow2122Rowan County, KY2228$554K
outflow2122Madison County, KY2148$1.3M
outflow2021Other flows - Northeast, DS———
inflow2021Foreign - Other flows, FR———
inflow2021Other flows - Northeast, DS———
outflow2021Other flows - South, DS265509$13.8M
inflow2021Other flows - South, DS190352$8.2M
inflow2021Floyd County, KY127273$5.6M
outflow2021Floyd County, KY125253$5.6M
outflow2021Other flows - Midwest, DS88133$3.5M
inflow2021Other flows - Midwest, DS77136$2.9M
inflow2021Mingo County, WV69136$2.1M
outflow2021Fayette County, KY66110$3.9M
outflow2021Mingo County, WV54128$1.5M
outflow2021Scott County, KY3154$1.5M
inflow2021Fayette County, KY3056$1.7M
inflow2021Other flows - West, DS3061$1.9M
outflow2021Letcher County, KY2872$1.5M
inflow2021Letcher County, KY2754$919K
outflow2021Madison County, KY2340$1.0M
outflow2021Johnson County, KY2148$1.0M
outflow2021Other flows - West, DS2134$858K
inflow1920Foreign - Other flows, FR———
outflow1920Other flows - Northeast, DS———
outflow1920Foreign - Other flows, FR———
outflow1920Other flows - South, DS222523$12.8M
inflow1920Other flows - South, DS172346$9.7M
inflow1920Floyd County, KY117250$5.0M
outflow1920Floyd County, KY115273$5.3M
inflow1920Other flows - Midwest, DS68144$2.3M
inflow1920Mingo County, WV67141$2.2M
outflow1920Other flows - Midwest, DS63127$2.7M
outflow1920Fayette County, KY6395$4.4M
outflow1920Mingo County, WV60150$3.4M
inflow1920Fayette County, KY3767$1.4M
outflow1920Scott County, KY3565$1.2M
inflow1920Other flows - West, DS3257$1.5M
inflow1920Letcher County, KY2973$1.3M
inflow1920Other flows - Northeast, DS2449$1.5M
outflow1920Other flows - West, DS2032$400K
outflow1920Letcher County, KY2047$1.0M
inflow1819Foreign - Other flows, FR———
outflow1819Other flows - Northeast, DS———
outflow1819Foreign - Other flows, FR———
inflow1819Other flows - Northeast, DS———
outflow1819Other flows - South, DS232482$14.7M
inflow1819Other flows - South, DS160330$7.0M
outflow1819Floyd County, KY111232$4.7M
inflow1819Floyd County, KY99215$3.5M
inflow1819Mingo County, WV62153$2.2M
inflow1819Other flows - Midwest, DS5995$1.7M
outflow1819Fayette County, KY5586$5.6M
outflow1819Other flows - Midwest, DS54107$2.5M
outflow1819Mingo County, WV4597$1.9M
outflow1819Scott County, KY4086$1.3M
inflow1819Fayette County, KY2944$1.9M
outflow1819Letcher County, KY2861$1.0M
outflow1819Other flows - West, DS2553$2.9M
inflow1819Letcher County, KY2249$600K
outflow1819Madison County, KY2246$892K
inflow1819Other flows - West, DS2138$770K
inflow1718Foreign - Other flows, FR———
outflow1718Other flows - Northeast, DS———
outflow1718Foreign - Other flows, FR———
inflow1718Other flows - Northeast, DS———
inflow1718Other flows - West, DS———
outflow1718Other flows - South, DS208417$10.2M
inflow1718Other flows - South, DS184382$8.5M
inflow1718Floyd County, KY134301$4.9M
outflow1718Floyd County, KY114241$4.8M
outflow1718Fayette County, KY73119$5.3M
inflow1718Mingo County, WV71162$2.8M
outflow1718Other flows - Midwest, DS65113$2.5M
inflow1718Other flows - Midwest, DS56121$2.2M
inflow1718Fayette County, KY5080$1.5M
outflow1718Mingo County, WV46107$1.6M
outflow1718Scott County, KY4073$1.4M
inflow1718Letcher County, KY3668$1.2M
outflow1718Other flows - West, DS2749$1.8M
inflow1718Johnson County, KY2447$918K
outflow1718Madison County, KY2034$922K
outflow1617Other flows - Northeast, DS———
inflow1617Other flows - West, DS———
inflow1617Foreign - Other flows, FR———
outflow1617Other flows - West, DS———
outflow1617Other flows - South, DS308666$19.4M
inflow1617Other flows - South, DS192432$8.3M
outflow1617Floyd County, KY170356$6.4M
inflow1617Floyd County, KY125279$4.7M
outflow1617Fayette County, KY93173$3.7M
outflow1617Scott County, KY88188$4.2M
outflow1617Other flows - Midwest, DS85183$5.3M
inflow1617Mingo County, WV76176$2.5M
inflow1617Other flows - Midwest, DS70149$3.4M
outflow1617Mingo County, WV61156$1.8M
inflow1617Fayette County, KY61110$4.8M
outflow1617Letcher County, KY3262$967K
outflow1617Jefferson County, TN2871$1.2M
outflow1617Madison County, KY2654$909K
outflow1617Johnson County, KY2347$874K
inflow1617Letcher County, KY2148$878K
outflow1617Jefferson County, KY2134$783K
inflow1617Other flows - Northeast, DS2042$1.3M
inflow1516Foreign - Other flows, FR———
outflow1516Other flows - Northeast, DS———
outflow1516Other flows - West, DS———
outflow1516Other flows - South, DS262607$15.0M
inflow1516Other flows - South, DS156303$6.7M
inflow1516Floyd County, KY123260$4.5M
outflow1516Floyd County, KY98225$4.1M
outflow1516Fayette County, KY76131$4.4M
outflow1516Other flows - Midwest, DS76190$4.1M
inflow1516Other flows - Midwest, DS63126$2.2M
outflow1516Scott County, KY56118$2.5M
outflow1516Mingo County, WV52120$1.9M
inflow1516Mingo County, WV46122$1.9M
inflow1516Fayette County, KY3442$582K
outflow1516Letcher County, KY2561$859K
inflow1516Other flows - West, DS2355$961K
inflow1516Letcher County, KY2349$647K
outflow1516Jefferson County, TN2143$983K
outflow1516Jefferson County, KY2041$1.5M
inflow1516Other flows - Northeast, DS2042$1.7M
inflow1415Foreign - Other flows, FR———
outflow1415Other flows - Northeast, DS———
outflow1415Foreign - Other flows, FR———
inflow1415Other flows - Northeast, DS———
inflow1415Other flows - West, DS———
outflow1415Other flows - South, DS186370$7.8M
inflow1415Other flows - South, DS146298$4.7M
outflow1415Floyd County, KY114242$4.1M
inflow1415Floyd County, KY91198$3.5M
outflow1415Fayette County, KY77107$2.3M
inflow1415Mingo County, WV72170$2.5M
outflow1415Other flows - Midwest, DS72151$2.9M
outflow1415Mingo County, WV50116$1.4M
outflow1415Scott County, KY4895$1.8M
inflow1415Other flows - Midwest, DS3877$1.3M
inflow1415Letcher County, KY2657$1.0M
outflow1415Other flows - West, DS2134$571K
inflow1314Foreign - Other flows, FR———
outflow1314Other flows - West, DS———
outflow1314Foreign - Other flows, FR———
inflow1314Other flows - Northeast, DS———
outflow1314Other flows - South, DS303669$17.1M
inflow1314Other flows - South, DS186370$9.3M
inflow1314Floyd County, KY135297$4.3M
outflow1314Floyd County, KY123285$5.4M
outflow1314Other flows - Midwest, DS87194$2.9M
outflow1314Mingo County, WV82215$2.7M
inflow1314Mingo County, WV81220$3.0M
outflow1314Fayette County, KY68108$2.5M
inflow1314Other flows - Midwest, DS56119$2.7M
inflow1314Fayette County, KY3559$1.2M
outflow1314Letcher County, KY2964$1.0M
inflow1314Letcher County, KY2448$1.1M
inflow1314Other flows - West, DS2436$701K
outflow1314Scott County, KY2450$662K

UAD APPRAISALS

FHFA Uniform Appraisal Dataset aggregates for Pike County.

FHFA UAD aggregate statistics (uad_aggregate_county, geoid) and appraisal-level public use file (uad_puf, county_fips)

2023PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals73.0
2023PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.1
2023RefinanceNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals33.0
2023PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals1.1
2023BothNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals106.0
2023PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.8
2023PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.9
2023RefinanceNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals215,000.0
2023BothNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals190,000.0
2023PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals168,000.0
2023PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.0
2022PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals1.1
2022BothNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals175,000.0
2022PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.1
2022PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals175,000.0
2022PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.9
2022RefinanceNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals45.0
2022PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.0
2022PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.9
2022RefinanceNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals180,000.0
2022BothNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals162.0
2022PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals117.0
2021PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals1.1
2021RefinanceNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals206,000.0
2021BothNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals243.0
2021PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.9
2021PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals127.0
2021PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.0
2021RefinanceNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals116.0
2021PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.0
2021BothNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals175,000.0
2021PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.9
2021PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals149,000.0
2020PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.0
2020PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals1.1
2020BothNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals210.0
2020PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals117.0
2020PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.9
2020BothNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals175,000.0
2020RefinanceNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals222,500.0
2020RefinanceNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals93.0
2020PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals140,000.0
2020PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.9
2020PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.1
2019PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.0
2019PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.9
2019BothNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals164,000.0
2019PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals90.0
2019PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.0
2019PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals1.1
2019RefinanceNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals180,000.0
2019BothNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals165.0
2019RefinanceNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals75.0
2019PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals154,500.0
2019PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals1.0
2018RefinanceNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals163,500.0
2018BothNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals149.0
2018PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals87.0
2018RefinanceNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals62.0
2018BothNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals152,000.0
2018PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals138,000.0
2018PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.9
2018PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.0
2018PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.1
2018PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.9
2018PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals1.1
2017RefinanceNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals164,000.0
2017PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.9
2017PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals1.1
2017PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.1
2017PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.0
2017BothNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals200.0
2017PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals110.0
2017PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals157,500.0
2017RefinanceNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals90.0
2017PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.9
2017BothNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals161,500.0
2016PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals69.0
2016RefinanceNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals162,000.0
2016PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.9
2016PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals156,500.0
2016PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals1.0
2016PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.0
2016BothNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals162,000.0
2016PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals1.1
2016PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.0
2016BothNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals197.0
2016RefinanceNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals128.0
2015PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals1.1
2015PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals147,800.0
2015PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.0
2015RefinanceNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals160,500.0
2015BothNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals182.0
2015RefinanceNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals132.0
2015PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.0
2015PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.9
2015PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals50.0
2015BothNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals155,800.0
2015PurchaseNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals0.9
2014BothNo CharacteristicAll Appraisals165,000.0

ECONOMY & INCOME

Local economy indicators — BLS unemployment rates and BEA personal income for Pike County.

BLS Local Area Unemployment Statistics (bls_laus_county_month, geoid) and BEA personal income (bea_county_income, geo_fips)

BLS Local Area Unemployment

2026-0519,79818,4321,3666.9%
2026-0419,78418,4031,3817.0%
2026-0319,84018,5771,2636.4%
2026-0219,59518,4661,1295.8%
2026-0119,35318,3271,0265.3%
2025-1219,71518,8238924.5%
2025-1119,94518,6941,2516.3%
2025-0919,70718,5511,1565.9%
2025-0819,36118,1851,1766.1%
2025-0719,75218,1321,6208.2%
2025-0619,60318,3291,2746.5%
2025-0519,76118,6161,1455.8%
2025-0419,83018,7751,0555.3%
2025-0319,90218,5611,3416.7%
2025-0219,88718,5841,3036.6%
2025-0119,90818,6411,2676.4%
2024-1219,85718,7371,1205.6%
2024-1119,81818,6391,1795.9%
2024-1019,99418,8361,1585.8%
2024-0919,91318,7321,1815.9%
2024-0819,77018,5101,2606.4%
2024-0719,82018,3771,4437.3%
2024-0619,85218,4901,3626.9%
2024-0519,70618,5661,1405.8%
2024-0420,25018,7541,4967.4%
2024-0319,96218,6971,2656.3%
2024-0219,58918,3091,2806.5%
2024-0119,38518,1631,2226.3%
2023-1219,27618,2411,0355.4%
2023-1119,32818,2961,0325.3%
2023-1019,40718,3701,0375.3%
2023-0919,42918,3561,0735.5%
2023-0819,16518,0971,0685.6%
2023-0719,10817,9121,1966.3%
2023-0619,59718,0191,5788.1%
2023-0519,36318,3391,0245.3%
2023-0419,43418,5958394.3%
2023-0319,55518,5381,0175.2%
2023-0219,57118,5091,0625.4%
2023-0119,28818,2959935.1%
2022-1219,37318,4848894.6%
2022-1119,36218,4569064.7%
2022-1019,37618,4169605.0%
2022-0919,13018,2039274.8%
2022-0819,09318,1039905.2%
2022-0719,04517,9581,0875.7%
2022-0619,24918,1181,1315.9%
2022-0519,31618,3899274.8%
2022-0419,33518,4578784.5%
2022-0319,55218,4881,0645.4%
2022-0219,35018,2691,0815.6%
2022-0119,13718,0511,0865.7%
2021-1219,33518,4219144.7%
2021-1119,39218,4619314.8%
2021-1019,27418,1851,0895.7%
2021-0919,01017,9061,1045.8%
2021-0818,92317,8291,0945.8%
2021-0719,18817,9111,2776.7%
2021-0619,38418,0601,3246.8%
2021-0519,03117,9431,0885.7%
2021-0419,39418,3131,0815.6%
2021-0319,46818,1931,2756.5%
2021-0219,30418,0601,2446.4%
2021-0119,04017,8131,2276.4%
2020-1218,71417,5371,1776.3%
2020-1118,88817,8341,0545.6%
2020-1019,03017,9281,1025.8%
2020-0918,93717,7231,2146.4%
2020-0818,82217,6251,1976.4%
2020-0718,75517,2611,4948.0%
2020-0618,54717,1931,3547.3%
2020-0519,38116,6992,68213.8%
2020-0419,66916,5773,09215.7%
2020-0320,26318,6731,5907.8%
2020-0220,27718,8831,3946.9%
2020-0120,30918,9241,3856.8%
2019-1220,16519,1251,0405.2%
2019-1120,58519,5441,0415.1%
2019-1020,49819,4841,0144.9%
2019-0920,25619,3618954.4%
2019-0820,26719,2789894.9%
2019-0720,48119,2601,2216.0%
2019-0620,03118,8351,1966.0%
2019-0520,26919,0691,2005.9%
2019-0420,16019,1839774.8%
2019-0320,24419,0481,1965.9%
2019-0220,10218,9111,1915.9%
2019-0120,09818,8591,2396.2%
2018-1219,99318,9551,0385.2%
2018-1120,00419,0369684.8%
2018-1019,84518,8001,0455.3%
2018-0919,83718,7761,0615.3%
2018-0819,77118,7111,0605.4%
2018-0720,21118,9261,2856.4%
2018-0620,34918,9951,3546.7%
2018-0520,26419,2001,0645.3%
2018-0420,46819,4171,0515.1%
2018-0320,53619,2661,2706.2%
2018-0220,51419,2291,2856.3%
2018-0120,20618,9301,2766.3%

BEA Personal Income

2024$2.81B55,430$51K
2023$2.67B55,998$48K
2022$2.51B56,328$45K
2021$2.47B57,434$43K
2020$2.33B58,447$40K
2019$2.17B59,215$37K
2018$2.12B59,723$36K
2017$2.07B59,974$34K
2016$2.00B61,350$33K
2015$2.04B62,566$33K
2014$2.03B63,566$32K
2013$1.99B64,335$31K
2012$2.09B64,920$32K
2011$2.11B65,098$32K
2010$2.00B65,110$31K
2009$1.97B65,255$30K
2008$2.01B65,275$31K
2007$1.82B65,431$28K
2006$1.73B65,632$26K
2005$1.60B65,719$24K
2004$1.49B66,070$23K
2003$1.45B66,850$22K
2002$1.45B67,438$21K
2001$1.42B67,607$21K
2000$1.37B68,506$20K
1999$1.34B69,502$19K
1998$1.32B70,309$19K
1997$1.27B71,011$18K
1996$1.20B71,768$17K
1995$1.16B72,346$16K
1994$1.15B72,308$16K
1993$1.11B72,452$15K
1992$1.09B72,560$15K
1991——$15K

NFIP FLOOD CLAIMS

FEMA National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) realised flood loss claims in Pike County.

FEMA NFIP redacted claims (nfip_claim, county_code)

2026-07-08$0——Yes
2025-06-17$0$0$0Yes
2025-05-17$643.97$643.97$0Yes
2025-04-23$12K$12K$0No
2025-02-24$81K$81K$0No
2025-02-17$0$0$0No
2025-02-17$55K$55K$0Yes
2025-02-16$75K$75K$0Yes
2025-02-16$217K$217K$0No
2025-02-16$383K$383K$0No
2025-02-16$88K$88K$0No
2025-02-16$0——Yes
2025-02-16$78K$78K$0No
2025-02-16$268K$175K$93KNo
2025-02-16$307K$307K$0No
2025-02-16$17K$15K$2KYes
2025-02-16$106K$106K$0No
2025-02-16$28K$27K$1KNo
2025-02-16$40K$27K$13KNo
2025-02-16$250K$250K$0No
2025-02-16$0$0$0Yes
2025-02-16$68K$57K$11KYes
2025-02-16$10K$10K$0Yes
2025-02-16$4K$4K$0Yes
2025-02-16$80K$80K$0Yes
2025-02-16$20K$13K$7KYes
2025-02-16$130K$130K$0No
2025-02-16$212K$154K$58KYes
2025-02-16$24K$24K$0No
2025-02-16$62K$62K$0No
2025-02-16$90K$84K$6KYes
2025-02-16$235K$235K$0No
2025-02-16$12K$12K$0Yes
2025-02-16$434K$434K$0No
2025-02-16$500K$500K$0No
2025-02-16$24K$24K$0No
2025-02-16$28K$28K$0Yes
2025-02-16$29K$29K$0Yes
2025-02-16$75K$75K$0Yes
2025-02-16$90K$70K$20KYes
2025-02-16$20K$20K$0Yes
2025-02-16$90K$75K$15KYes
2025-02-16$7K$7K$0No
2025-02-16$28K$9K$19KYes
2025-02-16$13K$11K$2KYes
2025-02-16$0——Yes
2025-02-16$10K$10K$0No
2025-02-16$27K$24K$3KYes
2025-02-16$21K$18K$2KYes
2025-02-16$65K$65K$0No
2025-02-16$83K$83K$0No
2025-02-16$15K$14K$745.27Yes
2025-02-16$25K$15K$10KYes
2025-02-16$50K$50K$0No
2025-02-16$80K$40K$40KYes
2025-02-16$13K$13K$0No
2025-02-16$17K$17K$0Yes
2025-02-16$46K$37K$9KYes
2025-02-16$0$0$0No
2025-02-16$3K$3K$0Yes
2025-02-16$216K$216K$0No
2025-02-16$21K$17K$4KNo
2025-02-16$15K$15K$0Yes
2025-02-16$0——No
2025-02-16$61K$55K$6KNo
2025-02-16$407K$407K$0No
2025-02-16$27K$24K$3KYes
2025-02-16$0$0$0No
2025-02-16$186K$186K$0No
2025-02-16$136K$101K$35KYes
2025-02-16$4K$4K$0Yes
2025-02-16$66K$66K$0No
2025-02-16$23K$11K$12KYes
2025-02-16$14K$14K$0Yes
2025-02-16$27K$9K$18KNo
2025-02-16$26K$26K$0Yes
2025-02-16$12K$12K$0Yes
2025-02-16$250K$250K$0No
2025-02-16$187K$187K$0No
2025-02-16$226K$226K$0No
2025-02-16$55K$50K$5KYes
2025-02-16$210K$210K$0No
2025-02-15$70K$50K$20KYes
2025-02-15$17K$17K$0Yes
2025-02-15$202K$188K$14KNo
2025-02-15$58K$58K$0No
2025-02-15$75K$75K$0Yes
2025-02-15$55K$18K$36KYes
2025-02-15$9K$9K$0No
2025-02-15$40K$40K$0Yes
2025-02-15$4K$4K$0Yes
2025-02-15$0$0$0No
2025-02-15$68K$47K$21KYes
2025-02-15$4K$4K$317.27Yes
2025-02-15$72K$72K$0Yes
2025-02-15$13K$13K$0Yes
2025-02-15$35K$35K$0No
2025-02-15$33K$33K$0Yes
2025-02-15$73K$60K$13KNo
2025-02-15$16K$16K$0Yes

ALSO CHECKED

18 more data areas were checked for Pike County and did not earn a tab. A missing tab and an unasked question look the same on screen, so each one is named with the reason it is missing.

  • WRONG GRAIN
    FHA

    FHA Neighborhood Watch DOES publish county rows, but keys them on a free-text county NAME (“CHITTENDEN|VT”), not a FIPS code, and the single-family endorsement snapshot's property_county is likewise free text. Joining either to a county FIPS by name would attribute one county's delinquency to another wherever a name repeats, so FHA is a state-grain tab only until a curated name→FIPS crosswalk exists

  • WRONG GRAIN
    Fannie / Freddie

    the FHFA public-use database publishes single-family acquisitions at STATE and CENSUS-TRACT grain; no county rollup is published or loaded, and rolling tracts up to counties would double-count the tracts that straddle a county line

  • WRONG GRAIN
    GSE credit-risk transfer

    CAS and STACR loan-level disclosures publish PROPERTY STATE and a 3-digit zip; neither carries a county code, so credit-risk-transfer collateral cannot be attributed to a county

  • WRONG GRAIN
    Ginnie Mae

    Ginnie Mae's loan-level disclosure publishes PROPERTY STATE and nothing finer — there is no county, ZIP or tract field in the file, so agency-pool collateral has no county grain at all. The same is true of the UMBS pool file (fhfa_mbs_pool), which carries only CA/NY/FL/TX/PR concentration percentages

  • WRONG GRAIN
    Housing finance agency

    a housing finance agency is a STATE-chartered body — county is not a grain it has. Its programmes reach counties, but the agency itself is one row per state: hfa_agency is keyed on state_code and carries no county column, and there is no county-level agency underneath it to aggregate from

  • WRONG GRAIN
    CUSO network

    the NCUA CUSO Registry publishes a CUSO's city and STATE and no county at all (cuso_registry, migration 0195). A county FIPS does exist on the member-credit-union side (cuso_credit_union_link.cu_county_fips), but it is the CREDIT UNION'S CHARTER ADDRESS — where the institution is registered, not where the mortgage service it buys is delivered — so a county tab built on it would pin a statewide, often multi-state, service relationship onto the one county a charter document happens to name

  • WRONG GRAIN
    Subservicing map

    the same absence, one grain finer: subservicing_relationships holds no property or collateral column at all, so there is nothing to aggregate to a county. Where a client is a state HFA, the state housing finance agency area on this hub carries that agency and its named master servicer at its own state grain

  • WRONG GRAIN
    Co-issue MSR

    the same absence, and worse at county grain: Ginnie's loan-level disclosure publishes property STATE and nothing finer — no county, ZIP or tract field exists in the file — so even the collateral split that is rejected above at state grain is not available here at all

  • WRONG GRAIN
    MSR transfer graph

    the same absence at a finer grain, with no additional route to one: ginnie_servicing_transfers has no county column and the Ginnie loan-level disclosure it would have to be joined to publishes property state and nothing finer — no county, ZIP or tract field exists in either file

  • WRONG GRAIN
    Builder & realtor JV

    the same absence, one grain finer: the affiliation corpus has no geographic column at all, so nothing can be aggregated to a county. The affiliate lender's actual county-level originations are on the HMDA area of the county hub, keyed on the lender rather than on its parent

  • WRONG GRAIN
    Non-QM deal calendar

    the same structural gap, one grain finer: a 144A non-QM deal publishes no asset-level file at all, so there is no loan, no property and therefore no county to attribute anything to. This is the one absence on this hub that no future load can close

  • WRONG GRAIN
    Agency-MBS demand

    the same absence, and Ginnie's disclosure has no county field at any grain, so even the collateral allocation that is rejected above at state grain cannot be computed here

  • WRONG GRAIN
    Complaints-rate stack

    the same broken denominator, plus a numerator that does not reach county either: the CFPB publishes a complaint's state and a partially redacted ZIP and no county, so neither half of this ratio exists at county grain

  • WRONG GRAIN
    NMLS licensing

    NMLS licences are issued by a STATE regulator and the industry report is published by state agency and quarter; there is no county in the licensing system to aggregate to

  • WRONG GRAIN
    CFPB complaints

    the CFPB publishes a complaint's STATE and a partially redacted ZIP; it publishes no county, and deriving one from a redacted ZIP would put complaints in the wrong county wherever a ZIP straddles a county line

  • WRONG GRAIN
    State enforcement

    enforcement orders are issued by a STATE regulator against a licensee; they carry no property or county

  • WRONG GRAIN
    WARN notices

    a WARN notice names an employer, a CITY and a region — no county code — and matching city to county by name is ambiguous in most states

  • WRONG GRAIN
    Mortgage employment

    the QCEW extract loaded here holds STATE and METRO area types only — the county-level QCEW file is a separate, far larger download that is not loaded, so county mortgage employment cannot be shown honestly

Several of the areas above are published only at state grain. They are all on the KY state hub, which carries the same registry at the grain those sources actually have.

Go deeper

EVERY HMDA RECORD IN PIKE COUNTY →Opens the loan explorer already filtered to county FIPS 21195.

See the Kentucky state market profile for the statewide picture, the Kentucky state hub for every dataset we hold on the state in one place, or the national lender leaderboard for who is largest across every market.

Sources: HMDA public loan-level disclosure (CFPB/FFIEC) aggregated to county-year; U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey; FEMA National Risk Index and disaster declarations. Figures are as loaded — see data attribution.

Fair-lending context: denial rates and demographic figures shown here are descriptive statistics derived from public HMDA and U.S. Census data. HMDA does not contain the credit, income, or underwriting variables that explain most lending outcomes, so a difference between lenders or areas is a statistical observation about published data — not evidence of, and not a determination of, discrimination or redlining by any institution.